A multi-tumor machine learning model to identify tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) in histopathological H&E images as a potential clinical biomarker

Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) are ectopic lymphoid structures composed of B-cells, T-cells, and supportive cells that develop in non-lymphoid organs and are often found in tumors. The criticality and functions of TLS in an adaptive anti-tumor response are still being elucidated, but studies have shown associations between TLS and IO outcomes across multiple indications. These correlations are dependent on TLS maturity and localization within the tumor microenvironment (TME). Currently, identification of TLS in tumors by pathologists is not routine or standardized.